Sowing:
Sowing, also known as seeding, is the art of placing a seed in suitable soil conditions for proper germination and growth. Seeding entails planting the right number of seeds per unit area, the depth at which the seeds are buried in the soil, and the distance between rows.Here are a few safeguards, which should be taken during this agricultural procedure, including selecting high-quality seeds, maintaining the proper depth and distance, and ensuring the soil is clean, healthy, and free of pathogens like fungus and other diseases. For seeds to germinate—the process by which seeds grow into new plants—all these measures are necessary.Once the soil is arranged, the crop is planted. This is done in many ways. Rice is sown using the method of transplanting seedlings. Vegetables like ladyfinger are sown on the ridges while green leafy vegetables like spinach are sown in beds. Vegetables like bitter gourd, pumpkin and watermelon are sown by poking them inside the soil one by one.Extensive root penetration can be achieved by stirring and loosening the soil. The growth of numerous soil bacteria, earthworms, etc., which enrich the soil with humus and other necessary nutrients, is facilitated by loosening the soil. The seeds were usually sown using an instrument shaped like a funnel. The funnel is full of seeds, which go through two or three pipes with pointy, sharp ends. On the plough shaft, the tool is attached. When seeds are kept in a funnel, they gradually descend through the pointed ends that pierce the ground, planting themselves deeply. Traditionally dropping seeds by hand is known as ‘ Kera’ and dropping seeds through a mechanical method is called ‘Pora’.
Dribbling is the most typical method of inserting seeds into holes drilled in the seedbed and covering them. In this technique, holes are drilled at a specific depth and spaced at a particular distance apart to place seeds. The dibbler is the equipment used for dibbling. To make precise boreholes in the field, a conical tool is employed. In this approach, seeds are inserted into apertures constructed at a specified dispersal depth and clear profundity. Tiny seedlings shouldn’t go through this cycle because it is so laborious. Dribbling is the most famous technique are used to plant crops.

Manuring:
Manures are plant and animal wastes that are used as sources of plant nutrients. They release nutrients after their decomposition. The art of collecting and using wastes from animal, human and vegetable sources for improving crop productivity is as old as agriculture. Manures are the organic materials derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex organic forms. Naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals containing plant nutrients are called fertilizers. Manures with low nutrient, content per unit quantity have longer residual effect besides improving soil physical properties compared to fertilizer with high nutrient content.
Major sources of manures are: Cattle shed wastes-dung, urine and slurry from biogas plants Human habitation wastes-night soil, human urine, town refuse, sewage, sludge and sullage Poultry Jitter, droppings of sheep and goat Slaughterhouse wastes-bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, horn and hoof meal, Fish wastes Byproducts of agro industries-oil cakes, bagasse and press mud, fruit and vegetable processing wastes etc Crop wastes-sugarcane trash, stubbles and other related material Water hyacinth, weeds and tank silt, and Green manure crops and green leaf manuring material. Farmyard manure refers to the decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with litter and left over material from roughages or fodder fed to the cattle. On an average well decomposed farmyard manure contains 0.5 per cent N, 0.2 per cent P2O5and .0.5 per cent K2O.The present method of preparing farmyard manure by the farmers is defective. Urine, which is wasted, contains one per cent nitrogen and 1.35 per cent potassium. Nitrogen present in urine is mostly in the form of urea which is subjected to volatilization losses. Even during storage, nutrients are lost due to leaching and volatilization. However, it is practically impossible to avoid losses altogether, but can be reduced by following improved method of preparation of farmyard manure. Trenches of size 6 m to 7.5 m length, 1.5 m to 2.0 m width and 1.0 m deep are dug. All available litter and refuse is mixed with soil and spread in the shed so as to absorb urine. The next morning, urine soaked refuse along with dung is collected and placed in the trench. A section of the trench from one end should be taken up for filling with daily collection. When the section is filled up to a height of 45 cm to 60 cm above the ground level, the top of the heap is made into a dome and plastered with cow dung earth slurry. The process is continued and when the first trench is completely filled, second trench is prepared.

Irrigation:
rrigation systems are unnaturally applying water to plants, rainfall is not properly adequate to maintain crops. It is most commonly utilized in locales where rainfall is inadequate. Plants need water to survive and grow, it helps bring supplements into their frameworks, permitting them to photosynthesize. The water system’s ancient uses date back to around 6000 B.C.E. in Egypt and Mesopotamia, rainfall and flooding were normal. Conventional techniques for agricultural irrigation included digging canals, utilizing a pulley framework and utilizing water wheels to supply water from streams to the crops. These practices were modest and straightforward to keep up with, irrigation farming for water systems is not possible to utilize any longer. They are tedious, work intensive, and produce artificial rain. India has been a farming country. Data shows that over half of the labour force is occupied with different types of farming. India is one of the main exporters of oats, dry fruits and natural grain products. India has regularly confronted obstacles such low harvest yield, unfavorable harvests, rainstorms, and others these benefits. Traditional approaches for Irrigation have overcome the majority of these issues. These old Irrigation strategies are not yet outdated. India’s farmers utilize these techniques to guarantee appropriate seed germination, a better yield of harvests and speedy development of food crops. Traditional irrigation is known organic farming irrigation.
The strategy of artificial irrigation in areas with insufficient rainfall known the Modern irrigation system. It is the strategy of providing water through pumps, tubes, and sprays. Irrigation often utilized in regions where rainfall is problematic or where droughts are regular. Water is equitably scattered across the field using various irrigation system procedures. This water supply process can emerge from an assortment of sources. It includes groundwater springs or wells, surface water means of lakes, rivers or reservoirs, and, treated wastewater.
Irrigated land is more useful compare to unirrigated land. Crop yields are higher in watered regions in comparison with rainfed areas. Farming disturbed with insufficient, inadequate or uncertain rainfall. Proper irrigation processes can get continuous agribusiness. Seeds can’t fill in dry soil as dampness is essential for the germination of seeds. With an irrigation system, the necessary soil dampness content for seed development can guaranteed.

Weeding:
A species that successfully competes with the target plant is categorised as a weed. Weeds are harmful, competitive and resistant. Humans consider a plant to be a weed if it grows in an undesirable area or creates ecological/economic damage or destruction. Weeding is the technique of removing weeds from an area by destroying them. Weeding is necessary because weeds are invasive, aggressive plants that devastate the area in which they thrive. One of the main reasons weeds are such a big problem is that they can cause plenty of problems for farmers if they aren't dealt with quickly. They can, for example, reduce crop yield, contaminate food, and even cause crop diseases. In this article, we will look into the different types of weeds and how can we prevent them from damaging our crops.
Weeding is the process of removing unwanted plants from a field. The agricultural field is weeded primarily using two methods: tilling and mowing. Weed plants are tilled completely with their roots and removed during tilling. Mowing is the process of removing unwanted plants from a field. Weeding can be done through weed prevention, control and eradication. Weed prevention is the process of preventing weeds from infecting a given region. Weed control entails a variety of methods to limit weed infestations and reduce competition. Weed eradication is the full removal of weeds, vegetative reproductive components and seeds from the environment. The complete control of a weed is referred to as eradication. Weeds have existed ever since agriculture began 10,000 years ago. Weed plants are plants that grow where you don't want them to. It is unavoidable to prevent weeds from spreading into a disturbed region, such as cropland, where they are unwanted and potentially destructive to the crops being grown, according to the properties of weeds. Weeds are unwanted small plants that are harmful to crop plants and livestock. These are removed from crop plants by using various methods and these methods are assigned by knowing the weed type and identification. Some may be surprised to learn that, despite their reputation among farmers and gardeners, there are weeds that can be consumed.

Harvesting:
Every day, we have a variety of food served in front of us. These foods give us the nutrients and minerals required for our body. But, sometimes, we wonder where it comes from. We think about converting raw materials into nutritious delicacies that we have before us. This is a type of agricultural process where crops are converted to edible parts that are then converted to the food we eat. This is called harvesting. Harvesting is the process of taking out useful parts of plants. This is done when plants have reached a certain stage where they have nutritious and edible parts. Hand harvesting is nothing but harvesting done through one's own hands. Farmers usually do harvesting with their own hands without using any tools. This is an old school method, as, in the past, the tools and machinery required for harvesting were still not invented. Hand harvesting includes picking crops, fruits and vegetables and collecting them in a small cart. The vegetables from the roots and tubers families are harvested by pulling up the plant by hand. The grains are beaten up after harvesting to get wheat and rice from them. Hand harvesting requires a lot of muscles, strength and time.
After the use of hands and tools, machines were invented. These machines not only help the farmers to get the work done without using any strength but also saves time. Sometimes, in many places, harvesting is done with the combination of these three. One example of a harvesting machine is a harvesting rig. This machine helps in washing the fruits and vegetables and also aids in the process of packing. Another instance of a harvesting machine can be a mower, where crops are mowed from the field with the help of this machine.
Harvesting depends upon the season as sometimes. It is important for the farmers to keep up with the season to get the product in perfect condition. Some of the seasons for crop harvesting are,
Rabi: Seeds are sown between October and December and harvested between April and June. Crops are barley, mustard and peas etc.
Kharif: harvested between September and October as it requires rainfall. Crops are rice, maize, and Jowar. These are majorly grown on the southern side of India.
Zaid: seeds are sown between the same months, i.e. between March and July. Most of the Harvest done during this month is fruits.

Storage:
Storage is an important marketing function, which involves holding and preserving goods from the time they are produced until they are needed for consumption. The storage of goods, therefore, from the time of production to the time of consumption, ensures a continuous flow of goods in the market. Storage protects the quality of perishable and semi-perishable products from deterioration; Some of the goods e.g., woolen garments, have a seasonal demand. To cope with this demand, production on a continuous basis and storage become necessary; It helps in the stabilization of prices by adjusting demand and supply; Storage is necessary for some period for performance of other marketing functions. Storage provides employment and income through price advantages.Underground storage structures are dugout structures similar to a well with sides plastered with cowdung. They may also be lined with stones or sand and cement. They may be circular or rectangular in shape. The capacity varies with the size of the structure.
Foodgrains in a ground surface structure can be stored in two ways - bag storage or bulk storage. Bag storage Each bag contains a definite quantity, which can be bought, sold or dispatched without difficulty; Bags are easier to load or unload. It is easier to keep separate lots with identification marks on the bags. The bags which are identified as infested on inspection can be removed and treated easily; and The problem of the sweating of grains does not arise because the surface of the bag is exposed to the atmospheres. Bulk or loose storage.
Acts: - The warehouses (CWC and SWCs) work under the respective Warehousing Acts passed by the Central or State Govt. Eligibility: - Any person may store notified commodities in a warehouse on agreeing to pay the specified charges. Warehouse Receipt (Warrant): - This is receipt/warrant issued by the warehouse manager/owner to the person storing his produce with them. This receipt mentions the name and location of the warehouse, the date of issue, a description of the commodities, including the grade, weight and approximate value of the produce based on the present prices. Use of Chemicals: - The produce accepted at the warehouse is preserved scientifically and protected against rodents, insects and pests and other infestations. Periodical dusting and fumigation are done at the cost of the warehouse in order to preserve the goods. Financing - The warehouse receipt serves as a collateral security for the purpose of getting credit. Delivery of produce: - The warehouse receipt has to be surrendered to the warehouse owner before the withdrawal of the goods. The holder may take delivery of a part of the total produce stored after paying the storage charges.